Intra-arterial and Intravenous Tirofiban Infusion for Thromboembolism during Endovascular Coil Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysm

OBJECTIVE: Thromboembolism is the one of the most serious complications that can occur during endovascular coil embolization of cerebral aneurysm. We report on the effectiveness and safety of intra-arterial/intravenous (IA/IV) glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (tirofiban) infusion for treating thromboembolism during endovascular coil embolization of cerebral aneurysm. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 242 patients with ruptured or unruptured cerebral aneurysms (n=264) who underwent endovascular coil embolization from January 2011 to June 2014. Thromboembolism occurred in 20 patients (7.4%), including 14 cases of ruptured aneurysms and 6 cases of unruptured aneurysms. The most common site of aneurysms was the anterior communicating artery (n=8), followed by middle cerebral artery (n=6). When we found an enlarged thromboembolism during coil embolization, we tried to dissolve it using tirofiban administered via IA and IV loading (5 μg/kg, respectively) for 3–5 minutes followed by IV maintenance (0.08 μg/kg/min) for approximately 4–24 hours. RESULTS: In 4 of 5 patients with total vessel occlusion, the vessel was recanalized to Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Perfusion Scale (TICI) grade 3, and in 1 patient to TICI grade 2a. In 2 patients with partial vessel occlusion and 13 patients with minimal occlusion, the vessel recanalized to TICI grade 3. Irrelevant intracerebral hemorrhage was noted in 1 patient (5%), and thromboemboli-related cerebral infarction developed in 5 patients (25%), of which only 1 (5%) was symptomatic. CONCLUSION: IA/IV infusion and IV maintenance with tirofiban appear to be an effective rescue treatment for thromboembolism during endovascular coil embolization in patients with ruptured or unruptured cerebral aneurysms.

A Less Invasive Strategy for Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms with Intracerebral Hematomas: Endovascular Coil Embolization Followed by Stereotactic Aspiration of Hematomas Using Urokinase

OBJECTIVE: Aneurysm clipping and simultaneous hematoma evacuation through open craniotomy is traditionally recommended for ruptured cerebral aneurysms accompanied by intracerebral or intrasylvian hemorrhages. We report our experience of adapting a less invasive treatment strategy in poor-grade patients with intracerebral or intrasylvian hemorrhages associated with ruptured cerebral aneurysms, where the associated ruptured cerebral aneurysms were managed by endovascular coil embolization, followed by stereotactic aspiration of hematomas (SRH) using urokinase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 112 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. There were accompanying intracerebral or intrasylvian hemorrhages in 36 patients (32.1%). The most common site for these ruptured aneurysms was the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (n = 15; 41.6%). Endovascular coil embolization followed by SRH using urokinase was performed in 9 patients (25%). RESULTS: In these 9 patients, the most common site of aneurysms was the MCA (n = 3; 33.4%); the hematoma volume ranged from 19.24 to 61.68 mL. Four patients who were World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grade-IV on admission, achieved favorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Score [GOS] 4 or 5) at 6-months postoperatively. In the five patients who were WFNS grade-V on admission, one achieved a favorable outcome, whereas 4 achieved GOS scores of 2 or 3, 6-months postoperatively. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION: If immediate hematoma evacuation is not mandated by clinical or radiological signs of brain herniation, a less invasive strategy, such as endovascular coil embolization followed by SRH using urokinase, may be a good alternative in poor-grade patients with intracerebral or intrasylvian hemorrhages associated with ruptured cerebral aneurysms.

Dual Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization for Fusiform Aneurysm Arising From Persistent Trigeminal Artery / 신경중재치료의학

Aneurysms of the persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) trunk are exceptionally rare and have a high risk for rupture. Dual stent placement through each internal carotid and basilar artery for endovascular coil embolization of a fusiform aneurysm arising from the PTA has not been described in the literature. A 44-year-old female with a history of chronic headache was identified to have a fusiform aneurysm arising from medially coursing adult type, Saltzman type 3 PTA trunk. Sacrifice of the PTA trunk inclusive of the aneurysm was performed with dual stent placement through each basilar and internal carotid artery across their respective junctions with the PTA. Six-month follow-up angiography showed complete occlusion of the PTA and the aneurysm. The patient's symptoms resolved. Our case demonstrated that the sacrifice of an adult type, Saltzman type 3 PTA inclusive of an associated fusiform aneurysm is feasible with dual stent-assisted coil embolization.

Embolization of a deep orbital varix through endovascular route.

We report a case of the primary deep orbital venous varix treated by endovascular coil embolization procedure by transfemoral catheterization. This method of treatment has the advantage of image‑guided localization of the pathology, real‑time management and confirmation of the success of the procedure in the sitting.

Double Stent Assist Coiling of Ruptured Large Saccular Aneurysm in Proximal Basilar Artery Fenestration

Basilar artery fenestration is infrequent and even rarer in association with a large aneurysm. With proximity to brain stem and vital perforators, endovascular coiling can be considered first. If the large ruptured aneurysm with a wide neck originated from fenestra of the proximal basilar artery and the fenestration loop has branches of posterior circulation, therapeutic consideration should be thorough and fractionized. We report endovascular therapeutic details for a case of a ruptured large saccular aneurysm in proximal basilar artery fenestration.

Surgical Recanalization of Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Due to a Coil Migration During Endovascular Coil Embolization: A Case Report

Coil migration into the parent artery during endovascular coil embolization is a rare, but life-threatening complication, which can induce thromboembolism and result in poor outcome. A 63-year-old man was referred to Chonbuk National University Hospital emergency center due to migration of a coil for a left middle cerebral artery bifurcation unruptured aneurysm. We performed an emergency craniectomy to remove the coil migrated to the distal M2 branch and thrombus, and aneurysmal neck clipping for his aneurysm. Fortunately, at the six month follow-up, the patient did not show any noticeable neurological sequela. In case of parent artery occlusion due to coil migration an immediate recanalization should be performed by a neurovascular specialist who can provide both surgical treatment and endovascular management in order to prevent severe sequela or even death.

Endovascular Coil Embolization of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Angiographic and Clinical Follow-up Results / 신경중재치료의학

PURPOSE: This study is an overview of the clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients who undergo treatment for distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2009 and March 2012, 444 cerebral aneurysms were treated using endovascular coil embolization at our institute. Among them, 217 aneurysms were followed-up with angiography at least six months later. Of these, there were 16 distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms in 16 patients. We conducted a retrospective review of clinical and radiological follow-up results of all patients with distal ACA aneurysms. The clinical and angiographic outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and the Raymond classification scale, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age was 54.7 +/- 10.2 years (41-75 years). The mean follow-up period was 20.6 +/- 9.64 months (6-37 months). Three patients presented with acute rupture. The average aneurysm size was 4.98 +/- 1.39 mm (3.0-8.1 mm), and eight of 16 aneurysms (50%) had aspect ratios < 2.0. All 16 patients presented with complete obliteration immediately after the procedure. However, two patients had procedure-related complications, one with coil extrusion to the subarachnoid space without hemorrhage and one with thromboembolism subsequent to chemical thrombolysis. In the follow-up angiography, one major and five minor recurrences (for a total of six recurrences, 37.5%) were detected. However, the differences between the ACA aneurysm group and others were not statistically significant. Clinical outcomes were good for all of the patients at the time of discharge (mean mRS: 0.25, 0 to 1) and at the follow-ups (mean mRS: 0). CONCLUSION: Despite a comparatively high recurrence rate, the endovascular treatment of distal anterior cerebral aneurysms is feasible and has a good clinical outcome.

Giant fusiform aneurysm at the basilar trunk treated with endovascular coil occlusion following bypass surgery for the flow diversion / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

Giant fusiform aneurysms at the basilar trunk tend to have a poor natural history and surgical management for these aneurysms remains controversial. For these aneurysms, basilar trunk occlusion with endovascular coiling is difficult when the collateral supply from the carotid circulation is relatively poor. Interestingly, we herein present a successfully treated case of a partially thrombosed giant fusiform aneurysm at the basilar trunk with relatively poor collateral supply using endovascular coil occlusion following bypass surgery (superficial temporal artery-radial artery-superior cerebellar artery anastomosis).

The Merits of Endovascular Coil Surgery for Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report the morbidity, mortality, angiographic results, and merits of elective coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Ninety-six unruptured aneurysms in 92 patients were electively treated with detachable coils. Eighty-one of these aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, and 15 were located in the posterior circulation. Thirty-six aneurysms were treated in the presence of previously ruptured aneurysms that had already undergone operation. Nine unruptured aneurysms presented with symptoms of mass effect. The remaining 51 aneurysms were incidentally discovered in patients with other cerebral diseases and in individuals undergoing routine health maintenance. Angiographic and clinical outcomes and procedure-related complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Eight procedure-related untoward events (8.3%) occurred during surgery or within procedure-related hospitalization, including thromboembolism, sac perforation, and coil migration. Permanent procedural morbidity was 2.2% ; there was no mortality. Complete occlusion was achieved in 73 (76%) aneurysms, neck remnant occlusion in 18 (18.7%) aneurysms, and incomplete occlusion in five (5.2%) aneurysms. Recanalization occurred in 8 (15.4%) of 52 coiled aneurysms that were available for follow-up conventional angiography or magnetic resonance angiography over a mean period of 13.3 months. No ruptures occurred during the follow-up period (12-79 months). CONCLUSION: Endovascular coil surgery for patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms is characterized by low procedural mortality and morbidity and has advantages in patients with poor general health, cerebral infarction, posterior circulation aneurysms, aneurysms of the proximal internal cerebral artery, and unruptured aneurysms associated with ruptured aneurysm. For the management of unruptured aneurysms, endovascular coil surgery is considered an attractive alterative option.

A Less Invasive Approach for Ruptured Aneurysm with Intracranial Hematoma: Coil Embolization Followed by Clot Evacuation

OBJECTIVE: The presence of an intracerebral hematoma from a ruptured aneurysm is a negative predictive factor and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates even though clot evacuation followed by the neck clipping is performed. Endovascular coil embolization is a useful alternative procedure to reduce the surgical morbidity and mortality rates. We report here on our experiences with the alternative option of endovascular coil placement followed by craniotomy for clot evacuation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 312 patients who were admitted with intracerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage during the recent three years, 119 cases were treated via the endovascular approach. Nine cases were suspected to show aneurysmal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on CT scan and they underwent emergency cerebral angiograms. We performed immediate coil embolization at the same session of angiographic examination, and this was followed by clot evacuation. RESULTS: Seven cases showed to have ruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms and two cases had internal carotid artery aneurysms. The clinical status on admission was Hunt-Hess grade (HHG) IV in seven patients and HHG III in two. Surgical evacuation of the clot was done immediately after the endovascular coil placement. The treatment results were a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of good recovery and moderate disability in six patients (66.7%). No mortality was recorded and no procedural morbidity was incurred by both the endovascular and direct craniotomy procedures. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the coil embolization followed by clot evacuation for the patients with aneurysmal ICH may be a less invasive and quite a valuable alternative treatment for this patient group, and this warrants further investigation.